By 1st Lt. John Hardin and 1st Lt. Tess LaBossiere

KINAWA, Japan. – Marines with Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron (HMLA) 169 executed one of the longest maritime HMLA self-deployment flights in 1st Marine Aircraft Wing history during exercise Tiltrotor/Rotary Wing (TR/RW) 2107. TR/RW 2107 is a unilateral exercise at Misawa Air Base, Japan that demonstrates 1st MAW’s capabilities to maintain combat-readiness in a maritime environment.

“The significance of self-deploying HMLA-169 over 1,200 miles demonstrates our ability to execute Distributed Maritime Operations under the Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) construct,” said LtCol Eric Fleming, Commanding Officer of HMLA-169.

TR/RW 2107 is part of the Aviation Training Relocation Program designed to integrate air capabilities in unfamiliar environments and further develop and refine tactics, techniques, and procedures within EABO operations. Marine Aircraft Group (MAG) 36, to include Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 262 and HMLA-169 are supporting with MV-22 Ospreys, UH-1Y Venoms, AH-1Z Vipers and 300 Marines and Sailors.

For this iteration of TR/RW, the squadrons are conducting a range of training evolutions from close air support (CAS) to Ground Threat Reaction (GTR). CAS is an offensive air support mission that integrates aviation with ground combat efforts; enabling swift and mobile firepower against enemies near friendly forces. GTR is designed to help Marines develop tactical maneuvering techniques.

“This exercise is an excellent example of the capabilities of the H-1s in the Indo-Pacific. It proves that we can range any adversary in the Pacific theater and conduct missions such as command & control, close air support, deep air support, and aerial reconnaissance with expeditionary and distributed sustainment support,” said Fleming.

EABO’s are not tied to any specific piece of terrain. The forward posture and advanced level of readiness means that 1st MAW can establish expeditionary advanced bases at the time and place of its choosing.

1st MAW trains continuously in challenging and realistic environments and scenarios. The TR/RW events provide an opportunity for 1st MAW to train in different environments and benefit from the advanced training ranges and capabilities in mainland Japan.

This article was published by 1st Marine Aircraft Wing on July 15, 2021.

By Pierre Tran

Paris – The French navy has “excellent relations” with the Australian navy, which shares the French view of the importance of the Pacific region, Admiral Pierre Vandier, navy chief of staff, said July 12.

Australia is acquiring submarines and combat systems with “oceanic capability,” with an operational range of 10,000 km, he told the association of defense journalists.

The Pacific is seen as a region of rising conflict, with media reports of China building  military bases on small islands in the South China Sea, and making claims of control over international waters disputed by other Asian nations.

There is also growing concern over China seizing Taiwan, prompting the U.S. Navy to raise the option of forming the 1st fleet command, creating a second Pacific fleet to boost the capability of the 7th fleet based in Japan.

Part of Australia’s pursuit of military means is a plan to acquire 12 diesel-electric attack submarines, with French shipbuilder Naval Group as prime contractor.

NG is negotiating a contract for the basic design of the boats, which will be built in Australia. That deal has stirred much controversy in Australia, pressing NG to guaranteeing creation of local jobs and ensuring 60 percent of local content in the submarine program worth €30 billion (US$36 billion).

The French offer of submarines to Australia went through a tough time last year, requiring change of staff, Vandier said. The project went through a “difficult period,” with “a lack of understanding” last year.

Naval Group executive chairman Pierre Eric Pommellet told journalists April 1 he had flown to Australia and spent a month there while observing strict quarantine rules, and conducted talks on the submarine program.

The significance of the Pacific for France – and the Navy – could be seen with the seven-month Marianne mission of the Emeraude nuclear attack submarine, leaving  Toulon last September, sailing around the world to the Pacific before returning to the French naval base on April 7.

That submarine sailing “showed the strategic interest to France of the Indian-Pacific zone and shows the navy’s capability to deploy its units,” vice-admiral Jean-Philippe Chaineau, commander of the French submarine service told Cols Bleus, the navy staff magazine.

“The relations struck with the American and Australian navies in this operation were remarkable,” he said.

The sailing confirmed the capability for a French attack submarine to deploy at great distance and for a long period, with change of crew at the Guam U.S. navy base.

The Emeraude also worked with the Indian and Indonesia navies, the report said.

The magazine shows a picture of the French boat sailing next to the U.S. attack submarine Asheville, signaling close cooperation with the US navy.

“France is the first ally for our nation,” for the Pacific region, Admiral Samuel Paparo, commander of the U.S. Pacific fleet, told the navy magazine.

Cooperation between French and American forces boosted the capacity to work together closely in crises.

A French submarine sailing in the South China Sea, followed by the Tonnerre helicopter carrier, severely upset the Chinese government, as will the Royal Navy when the Queen Elizabeth aircraft carrier sails through those waters, said Chris Cavas, a naval commentator.

That one-two delivery begged the question whether the French and British had coordinated sailings in the Pacific.

The Queen Elizabeth and Charles de Gaulle aircraft carriers sailed together in a three-day exercise dubbed Gallic strike in February, in the Mediterranean.

The French carrier was returning from its Clemenceau naval exercise, while the UK vessel was sailing out on its mission to fly the Union Jack flag around the world.

The Tonnerre sailed with the Surcouf, a frigate of the La Fayette class, in the annual Jeanne d’Arc training mission.

The Global Commons

The open seas, along with the domains of space and cybersecurity, were part of the concept of global commons, Vandier said.

There was stiff economic competition for control of those domains, whether they be straits of water or computer servers.

The Admiral told a story of when he commanded the Charles de Gaulle carrier in 2014-15, when the capital ship was waiting for passage through the Suez canal and was being followed the Russian navy.

He sailed the carrier in the form of the cross of Lorraine, the sign of the Free French forces in the second world war, in expectation the Russians would eventually see the maritime message.

That was a reply to a Russian intelligence ship which had previously sailed in the form of the St Andrew’s cross outside Toulon naval base, he said.

Incidents at sea sometimes took time to interpret the events, he said.

There were different versions of what happened when the British destroyer Defender sailed June 23 in the Black Sea through territorial waters off the Crimean peninsula.

That sailing was reported in UK media as a political signal of support to Ukraine, as Russia seized control of Crimea in 2014.

The UN convention of the law of the sea allows “innocent passage” of ships through territorial waters “so long as it is not prejudicial to peace, good order or security of the coastal state.”

Russia said warning shots were fired and a Russian jet dropped four bombs near the British warship, in response to what was seen as a naval incursion.

The British defense ministry denied that account, while a BBC reporter onboard the Defender said the Russian forces “harassed” the warship, with more than 20 aircraft flying overhead and two Russian coastguard ships sailing close by, with one approaching to some 100 meters.

French interests in the Pacific include New Caledonia and French Polynesia,  territories with a combined 2.4 million square kilometers of exclusive economic zones.

Vandier was appointed navy chief of staff Sept. 1, 2020, succeeding admiral Christophe Prazuck, who retired from service. Vandier flew the Super Etendard fighter jet in combat missions in Bosnia and Kosovo, and switched to the Rafale naval fighter in 2001, among his postings.

Featured Photo: FS Emeraude (S604) and frigate FS Vendemiaire (F734). French Armed Forces Photo

By Robbin Laird

I first met Lt. General Beaudreault during my visit to II MEF in April 2021. I returned on June 29, 2021 prior to the General’s retirement in July. We discussed the evolution of the II MEF with the U.S. Navy and a recent agreement to shape a joint task force between 2^nd ESG and 2^nd MEB and that is discussed in a separate article.

At the end of the meeting, I asked him to look back on the evolution of the USMC during his time of service, and to provide some thoughts about the challenges going forward. As his career spanned the end of the Cold War and the global competition with a peer competitor, through the long period of the priority on the Middle Eastern land wars, and now with the return of global competition but this time now with peer competitors, his thoughts are especially helpful as we refocus on the new strategic context.

Lt. General Beaudreault: “As I reflect on my time with the USMC, the most capable USMC during my time of service was the force in being we had in the 1988 through 1991 period. I should be clear at the outset I am not suggesting the Marines of today are not as capable as those in that period. I am referring to the size and capabilities we had available to us at the end of the Cold War.

“We were very lethal, agile, and combat flexible. In terms of naval integration, we had MEB elements which Saddam had to consider to be a serious threat of amphibious invasion. We could do either deception or forcible entry. We had a much more robust amphibious capability than today.

“We had a significant Force Reconnaissance capacity organic to the USMC. They embarked as part of the force and relationships are important in this business.  There was nothing like having them eat in the wardroom or on the mess decks and interact with those that they supported. They were trained in in–extremis hostage rescue, ship take-downs, gas-oil platform seizures and in combination with the embarked SEALS were a tremendously capable force.  Some of those skills have migrated to special operations forces which are not always co-located or physically present for integrated crisis planning.”

“That was a very, very capable Marine Corps.  For example, Force Reconnaissance had an ability to conduct insertion operations out of submarines, that might come in handy in the future. We need to recover some of that capability.”

With the coming of 9/11 and the focus on counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism, the mission focus changed significantly. The Marines, out of necessity, supplemented what the U.S. Army and the nation required in order to be successful in those wars.

But as the Marines now re-focus on the challenge of dealing with peer competitors, how best to do so?

Lt. General Beaudreault: “The Commandant is dealing with the challenge of making hard choices about the way ahead. But the nation needs to realize that we need a larger USMC to do our job more effectively.  We need a bigger Marine Corps. We need a bigger amphibious fleet. We need a bigger Navy.

“We are a maritime nation, but with the force we have, we have limited shock absorption capability. Where’s the shock absorption capacity? If we have to replace the number of combat losses we might experience in a peer to peer conflict, how are we going to do so? How do you sustain the fight? That gets into the industrial base and all other areas. We don’t have enough shock absorption capacity in the department right now, in my view.

“We have just enough to meet requirements and get to a one to three deployment to dwell ratio under the current steady state environment. We’ve got enough to generate combat replacements. But creating whole cloth units is going to be challenging. And I’m very concerned about if we take losses, the ability to rapidly replace those losses. And the affordability and time factors that go with our modernization and fielding in having to replace our damaged equipment.

“What I worry about, it’s insufficient capacity. And after your initial salvos, what’s the buy look like?

“I do like the conceptual pieces of where the Commandant’s going under his Force Design 2030 initiatives. I think you can complicate the adversary’s targeting with some discreet units that are out there. But not everybody can be like MARSOC with small teams that are going to have this effect. I do share some of the concerns on how you sustain distributed forces.

“I think the strength of the Corps, as compared to the Army, is our relationship with the Navy and the organic mobility we get out of our sea lift. We are facing a declining amphibious fleet with potential decommissioning of the LSDs, that’s a concern. What impact will this have on the nation and the nation’s ability to have the Marine Corps-Navy team deploy to the crisis with sufficient shock absorption capability in the event we take some losses due to adversary action?”

The air power transformation the Marines have gone through over the past twenty years, with the coming of the Osprey, then the F-35B and now the CH-53K transforms what an integrated Marine Corps-Navy team can bring to crisis management, but II MEF does not yet have F-35s in its force and currently is relying on allied F-35s to play their role.

Lt. General Beaudreault: “By 2024, we start replacing our fighters at 2^nd MAW with F-35s and should be full up by 2030. USMC F-35s have been prioritized for the Pacific, but this creates some challenges for us.   The Harriers and the F-35s are not the same at all, and our deployments in the Atlantic region without F-35s creates a gap. But we are getting the CH-53Ks into our force as the initial operating force which will clearly augment our ability to provide greater capability to operate in the air-sea-ground domain as well.”

And I would add that when 2nd ESG and 2nd MEB were operating together in the recent BALTOPS 50 exercise that included the F-35 piece of integrated operations, they were provided by a core ally. Brigadier General Marcus Annibale, Chief of Staff, Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO provided details on this development in an interview during the exercise. Brigadier General Annibale is an experienced Harrier and F-35B operator, and he noted that the F-35 participated for the first time in a BALTOPS exercise, and the F-35s in the exercise were Norwegian.

He noted not only did they participate and provide the unique capabilities of fifth generation aircraft, but are providing data into the operating force networks.  “They were completely included in our link network.  The fact that they were in our link architecture was almost as big a win as just having the airplane play.”

In short, Lt. General Beaudreault has lived through the last peer fight and led the II MEF in its initial process of adapting to the new strategic context. As he underscored: “We’re all watching China, but you know what? There’s another actor out there who merits watching.”

Lt. General Beaudreault retired from the USMC on July 9, 2021.

Lt. General Beaudreault’s presentation to the 2018 Surface Navy Association can be viewed below: