By Richard Weitz

The next U.S. presidential administration should build on the positive legacy of the Trump administration in strengthening the Indo-U.S. security ties.

The two countries recently held the third round of their yearly “2+2” defense and foreign ministers’ dialogue in New Delhi, continuing a process launched in 2018.

From October 26-27, U.S. Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo met their Indian counterparts, Defense Minister Rajnath Singh and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, in New Delhi.

That the meeting occurred immediately before a U.S. presidential election, and in person rather than by video link, testifies to the importance of what the two countries designated a Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership this February.

Another sign of the improving partnership has been how both countries’ national security establishments have embraced the “Indo-Pacific” term that has defined the administration’s key Asian-focused strategy documents as well as the rechristened U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. Similarly, the administration succeeded in de-hyphenating U.S. policies towards Pakistan and India—addressing both countries beyond their mutual antagonism

The main achievement of the meeting was the signing of the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement on Geospatial Cooperation (BECA). It represented the last of the so-called foundational defense agreements, which the United States often signs with important U.S. military partners.

The BECA allows the two countries to share real-time geospatial, geodetic, geophysical, geomagnetic, topographic, nautical and aeronautical data consisting of images, maps, charts, intercepts, and other data. These are invaluable for informational awareness, navigation, precision targeting for long-range strikes, and other important military tasks.

The BECA further permits the United States to equip U.S.-supplied aircraft sold India with sophisticated avionics and navigational aides as well as sell platforms like drones that already incorporate such systems. These also will better enable the Indian armed forces to strike terrorists better as well as track Chinese naval forces and remote land border regions, which in turn also boosts U.S. interests.

The BECA builds on three earlier Indo-U.S. foundational defense agreements. The General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), signed in 2002, permits the exchange of classified information.

India and the United States needed another decade to reach the next three accords due to concerns in India about aligning too closely with the United States—however growing Chinese assertiveness helped overcome these qualms.

In 2016, India and the United States signed a Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), which permits the U.S. and Indian military to access each other’s supplies, services, and facilities. In September, a U.S. Navy P-8A Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) refueled at India’s Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, marking the first operationalization of the LEMOA.

Two years later, they signed a Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA). It allows the two militaries to engage in protected data exchanges (upgraded to include secure video teleconference capabilities) and gives India access to state-of-the-art U.S. communications technologies and equipment.

These agreements have promoted mutual interoperability based on U.S. standards, enhancing the attractiveness of U.S. arms sales to Indian policy makers. They have also enabled the Indian armed forces to strike terrorists better as well as track Chinese naval forces and remote land border regions, which in turn will also boost U.S.’s interests.

These agreements have promoted mutual interoperability based on U.S. standards, enhancing the attractiveness of U.S. arms sales to Indian policy makers. Since the beginning of this century, the U.S. government has authorized more than $20 billion in weapons sales to the Indian armed forces. Some of the most important systems include MH-60R Seahawk and Apache helicopters as well as the C-17 Globemaster, C-130J Super Hercules, and P-8 Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft.

Indians still complain about undue constraints on U.S. defense technology transfers, despite the launching of the Defense Trade and Technology Initiative (DTTI) in 2012. The Initiative aims to enhance India’s access to advanced U.S. defense technology as well as further joint R&D by removing legal and bureaucratic obstacles to defense industrial collaboration. Yet, even these projects have predominately remained in the pilot stage.

India and the United States plan to convene a meeting later this year to overcome some of the bottlenecks inhibiting progress of the DTTI fast-tracked projects supported by the Industrial Security Annex. This augmentation, signed last December, protects classified U.S. military technology information transferred to India. (India received the U.S. Strategic Trade Authorization-1 designation in August 2018.)

The bilateral exercise program has continued to expand beyond single-service binational Army, Navy, Air Force, and Special Forces’ drills. Last year, the Indian and U.S. armed services held Tiger Triumph, which was their first tri-service drill. Their navy drills have included Japan and Australia. Earlier this month, the four countries (all members of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) participated in the Exercise Malabar drills in the Bay of Bengal, which will move to the Arabian Sea later this year.

Cooperation against terrorism remains an important feature of the Indo-U.S. partnership. The United States has provided India with important intelligence about terrorist threats from Pakistan and, more recently regarding its territorial clashes with China in 2017 and 2020.

This September, the India-U.S. Counter Terrorism Joint Working Group held its 17^th session. Their focus has been on Pakistani-based terrorists such as Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), and Hizb-ul-Mujahideen.

At these sessions, the Indian and U.S. representatives have exchanged information about terrorist designations and sanctions as well as means to impede terrorist financing, recruitment, and cross-border movements. They have also called on Pakistani authorities to punish those responsible for previous attacks on Indians and for the adoption of a UN Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.

India and the United States have extended the geographic coverage of their defense partnership by expanding the number of liaison officers deployed in each other’s major commands. For example, a U.S. liaison officer has been working in the Indian Navy’s Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR).

Meanwhile, India has assigned an officer at the U.S. Navy Central Command and may soon post liaison officers at the USINDOPACOM and USSOCOM. Minister Singh said that the liaison officers, empowered by the foundational agreements and other measures, would aim “to enhance our information sharing architecture.”

The new U.S. administration should continue these initiatives and extend them to additional areas such as:

• coordinated vetting of their defense supply chains;
• developing secure 5G technologies (building on the first India-U.S. Defence Cyber Dialogue on September 17);
• expanding their dialogue to the cyber and space security domains;
• consider ways in which they can attract other militaries to their drills; and
• support capacity building in nearby regions such as Africa.

Featured Image: U.S. Navy, Indian Navy, and Royal Australian Air Force P-8 Poseidons are staged at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise 2018.

By Pierre Tran

Paris.  The European Union could raise a total of €30-€40 billion ($35-$47 billion) to finance work on defense and security projects, drawing on the €7 billion budget due to be pledged to the European Defense Fund, Thierry Breton, European commissioner for internal market, said Nov. 13.

“With 7 billion in equity, we can leverage 30-40 billion,” with backing from participants, he said in a video press conference with the Anglo-American Press Association of Paris.

Breton, speaking from Brussels, said the prospective total funding was more than the €30 billion he had expected to raise.

“What we have now is the tool, for first time in our history,” he said.

“We will not do this overnight.”

The European Defense Fund will finance research and development, inviting member states to invest in industrial projects proposed by small and medium companies, as well as prime contractors.  The European commission, the executive arm of the EU, had pitched the launch of the fund with a €13 billion budget, with negotiations with member states whittling that down to €11 billion before arriving at €7 billion.

The fund would increase a collective approach in joint investment and widen European  investment, particularly among member states such as Poland, Romania and Lithuania, Breton said.

There was much in history and geography which explained why nations in the north and east of Europe had felt “more comfortable” in relying on the U.S., he said.

“We all have our history in defense,” he said.

There were four or five member states with strong arms industries and the aim was to widen the pool of interest in investment.

There were 24 member states backing 16 programs, he said.

“We have room to be inclusive,” he said.

The commission has picked 16 defense industrial projects and three disruptive technology projects for €205 million of support under two pilot programs of the European Defense Fund, namely preparatory action on defense research, and European defense industrial development program, the commission said June 15.

Those projects included work on drones, space technology and unmanned ground vehicles, the commission said. There was also work on a high precision anti-tank missile, warships, airborne electronic attack capability, cybersecurity and active stealth technologies.

A European patrol corvette was one of the projects which has attracted backing from France, Greece, Italy, and Spain, with Italy taking the lead role.

Breton, in the video conference, got up from his desk to find and show a June 2016 report on a European Security and Defense Fund. Breton said he had drafted the report when he was a company chief executive, and had seen the need for higher defense spending in Europe.

The report was written at a time when the then president Barack Obama had called for increased European spending, which president Donald Trump had continued “in his own way,” he said.

Breton showed a picture of his presenting the report to the then French president François Hollande and German chancellor Angela Merkel. He had pitched the idea to the then commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, among other senior officials.

Breton was CEO of Atos, an information technology company, when he drafted the report.

“I played a little role in this,” he said.

Breton, who took up his post as European commissioner last year, was now setting up the fund, which seeks to prime the pump for R& D in military technology.

Breton taught at the Lycée Français school in New York when he was sent abroad under the civil alternative to French military conscription. Breton also taught at Harvard Business School 2007-2008, after serving as economy minister.

On the shelves behind Breton’s desk, there was a model of a Dassault Rafale fighter jet, Galileo navigation satellite — the European alternative to the U.S. GPS system, and a trilobite fossil, which he said was 460 million years old.

Featured Photo: European Commissioner for Internal Market Thierry Breton. [EPA-EFE/FRANCISCO SECO]

In our new book on European defense, we focus on the roles which the European Union might play in the direct defense of Europe as well as analyzing what the EDF could provide in such efforts.

The book can be bought through our website:

The book is available as of October 28, 2020 on Amazon in an e-book version.

The paperback version will be released on December 22, 2020.

Over the next few weeks, the book will be available on a wide range of book sellers as well but the following are offering the e-book now but the paperback on release date: SCRIBD, KOBO, ESENTRAL, and CIANDO.