Restored RAAF Mirage III Moves to RAAF Townsville Aviation Heritage Centre

08/02/2020

The transit of a restored Mirage III from RAAF Amberley to RAAF Townsville is underway.

The Mirage III or the French Lady was a single seat frontline fighter that flew between 1967 and 1987 for the RAAF.

It flew at a speed of more than 2,000 kms per hour and was armed with guns, missiles and bombs.

The plane was restored by members of the Amberley RAAF Base’s Air Force History and Heritage Branch.

The featured photo shows an historic photo of the Mirage IIIs for the RAAF in flight,

The video below provides a walk around the Mirage III at Williamtown Airbase at their air show on September 28, 2010.

 See the following ABC Australia story which adds important details of the journey:

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-31/vintage-raaf-aircraft-hit-the-road-to-townsville/12508302

A comprehensive overview on the RAAF’s Mirage story is provided by a Royal Australian Air Force Museum, 1990 publication:

https://fsb.raafansw.org.au/docPDF/the_raaf_mirage_story_opt_1.pdf

The Coming of CMV-22B to the Fleet: Next Steps

08/01/2020

By Robbin Laird

In early February of this year, I attended the ceremony unveiling the Navy’s Osprey as the replacement for the C-2 for the logistics support mission.

The Osprey seen in the ceremony was the second Osprey delivered to the Navy, as the first one had been delivered to the Navy at Pax River the week before.

At that ceremony I met Capt. Dewon “Chainsaw” Chaney, the Commander of COMVRMWING (or Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission Wing). As was explained to me by a former C-2 commander, the elevation of the C-2 Command structure to be led by Wing Commander was a major step forward for the force.

As Capt (ret.) Sean McDermott put in an interview with me: “McDermott noted that one of the encouraging signs with the CMV-22B transition is that a new Wing, COMVRMWING has been stood up, and its Commodore who is in charge of the Osprey team now being charged to take over the COD mission.

“This CMV-22 wing should provide a more dedicated voice to implement new ideas for airborne logistics operations as well as exploring how the aircraft could be used to support other missions for the Navy in a distributed maritime environment.”

As the CMV-22B comes to the fleet there are two ways to look at its arrival.

The first is the challenge of ensuring that the logistics mission is effectively met with this new capability. This is a core focus of current efforts of Captain Chaney, as he works the standup of the CMV-22B squadrons.

But there is another piece as well: how will the Navy leverage the coming of the Osprey in the “integratable” air wing?

This I discussed the week before with the Navy Air Boss, Vice Admiral Miller, prior to going to Amarillo Texas and the reveal ceremony.

In that interview, Vice Admiral Miller highlighted how the Navy was looking at the coming of the Osprey.

It is a different aircraft, and the question will be as it operates effectively in its logistics mission, what other contributions might it make to the fleet?

“So how should the Navy operate, modernize, and leverage its Ospreys?

“For Miller, the initial task is to get the Osprey onboard the carrier and integrated with CVW operations.

“But while doing so, it is important to focus on how the Osprey working within the CVW can provide a more integrated force.

“Vice Admiral Miller and his team are looking for the first five-year period in operating the CMV-22 for the Navy to think through the role of the Osprey as a transformative force, rather than simply being a new asset onboard a carrier.

“Hence, one can look at the CMV-22 innovation cluster in the following manner:

“Such an approach is embedded in the rethink from operating and training an integrated air wing to an integratable air wing.”

When I visited NAWDC (or the Naval Aviation Warfighting Center) recently, one subject which I discussed with the CO of NAWDC, Rear Admiral Brophy was the coming of the CMV-22B.

One thing that should be noted is that the C-2 was never really part of a NAWDC discussion; the CMV-22B clearly is.

According to Rear Admiral Brophy, they will work the TTPs along with Captain Chaney, as it will enter into NAWDC through the rotary wing school in NAWDC, but its ultimate location for cross-platform training, in a command increasingly focused on such training with a kill web focus, will be determined.

After my visit to NAWDC in early July 2020, I went to San Diego and met with the Naval Air Boss on the morning of July 13th and in the afternoon with “Chainsaw.”

During my visit with the Osprey squadron, I had a chance to see the third Osprey on the tarmac, and visit the hangar being used to stand up the squadron.

Obviously, working with the Marines and leveraging their experience allows the Navy to accelerate their efforts to move the new Osprey into the carrier fleet.

And there are synergies and cost savings to be had from such an effort.

For example, in the Navy hangar is a USMC MV-22 airframe which the Navy plans to use in their cargo loading training, which obvious is a cost saver.


One of the issues we discussed during my visit was the challenge of setting up the squadrons.

The first squadron VRM-30 was stood up prior to the creation of the wing and its first aircraft arrived in June 2020.

Captain Chaney noted that there is a two-year timeline to get a fully qualified maintenance technician or officer for the force, so that has been underway. That training has been generated with the Marines in North Carolina, Hawaii, Kuwait, or working side by side with Marines in various locations or in the Bell-Boeing teams at the Maintenance Readiness Team in Miramar.

Captain Chaney then noted that this October, the fleet replacement squadron, VRM-50, will be stood up.

It will take this squadron two years until they will be able to train new pilots.

As he explained: With VRM 30, they need to get pilots ready to go fly and go on deployment.

“Whereas with VRM 50, they have to get pilots and maintainers qualified, but then they also have to figure out how to train other pilots and aircrewman in other words to establish the Navy training cycle for the aircraft.”

He noted that the Navy will approach operating its Osprey in some ways differently from the Marines, but because of the interactive working relationships any learning on the Navy side can be easily be transferred on the Marine side.

“I see it as a very symbiotic relationship between the Marine Corps and us, all under the Department of the Navy.

“Clearly with the Marine Corps having the bulk of the experience right now in MV-22s, I welcome any of their lessons learned and comments about maintaining the airplane, flying the airplane, fighting with the airplane.

“I’m all ears, because I know that my team is still in their infancy.”

But one example of cross learning might be with regard to how the Navy will operate the load outs and off-loading of the aircraft.

They are looking to have a rapid unload capability with new containers for the CMV-22B and Navy experience with the new kit might well prove of interest to the Marine Corps as well.

The counterpart to VRM-30 will be VRM-40 but all three squadrons are under the Wing.

The third squadron will be on the East Coast.

But there clearly is challenge here as the facility to house the third squadron will not be ready at the time the third squadron is being stood up.

With these challenges, clearly Captain Chaney is focused on the “timeline to get the three squadrons safe for flight.””

And as the Osprey comes to the fleet, building appropriate infrastructure is a key priority facing the Wing in the next few years.

At North Island, San Diego, their first simulator will come next year, and a new hangar is being built and will be ready in 2023. But the East Coast basing solution remains to be resolved.

With regard to the standup, the Wing Commander comes from the rotary wing community; his Deputy from the C-2 community.

The challenge is blending the two into a tiltrotor force which operates at a different altitude from the C-2, can fly night shipboard missions (which the C-2 did not), and rapid, efficient shipboard operations, which has not been the core focus of the USMC and their use of the aircraft.

It is clear that the CMV-22B needs to prepare for carrier operations but equally the carrier community needs to get ready for the coming of CMV-22B.

Captain Chaney is looking to find ways to have lessons learned prior to deployment to shape a more effective initial deployment process as well.

We discussed a coming key event for the CMV-22B squadron, namely working the process of delivering F-35 power module to the carrier.

Both the F-35C and the CMV-22B are scheduled to co-deploy on the USS Carl Vinson in 2021.

And later this Fall, the CMV-22B team will be working the engine carry effort onboard a carrier.

This is a process of lifting the power module to the carrier and working ways to ensure a core competence to do so going forward.

There is a process underway to produce a representative power module to work with in the pre-deployment training phase.

As Captain Chaney put it:” It’s going to be the same weight, the same shape, have all the same attachment points, so that it’ll actually go in the can the way it’s supposed to.”

“There will be a lot of moving parts in the logistics effort to have F-35 engines available for CMV-22Bs to fly them to the ship and then for the ship’s crew to offload the engines and have them available for the F-35s onboard ship.

“The engine manufacturer has created a marinized version of support equipment required and will have it ready for our first deployment.”

Captain Chaney mentioned some cross learning being shaped on North Island itself.

The Chief of Staff for the Air Boss, is Captain McCoy who previously led the F-35 transition in the Navy and the two are discussing lessons learned, to be shaped, or learned from the kind of transition which the Marines have already done with their versions of the two aircraft, but which have their own challenges when adapting to carrier operations as well.

It is obvious that these next three years will be challenging, and I asked “Chainsaw” about those challenges.

“The frustrating thing though, is that it’s just seems like every day, there’s a new challenge.

“There’s a new obstacle.

“There’s something in the way for my team getting from point A to point B.

“Now the other refreshing thing is my leadership is very supportive.

“They’ve been nothing but supportive with issues that I brought to the table.

“The Air Boss has been great to work with. I think he’s been very realistic in his expectations.”

Captain Chaney concluded: “I do believe that the Navy is really going to appreciate the capabilities that the CMV-22 is going to bring to the strike group, and they’re going to want it to do more.”

Editor’s Note: At the February 2020 CMV-22B reveal ceremony, Captain Chaney highlighted the coming of the new capability and what it meant for the US Navy.

What is the status of the CODs?

Every Carrier Air Wing Commander and Carrier CO has received that question numerous times from the Carrier Strike Group Commander while on deployment. And for good reason…

The COD, or Carrier On-board Delivery, aircraft is the only long-range aerial logistics platform providing logistical support for the Carrier Strike Group, ensuring its time sensitive combat capability.

Sure, there are ways to get some items to the carrier but that time lag in most cases is at the cost of readiness for the warfare commander.

The Navy saw the need to replace the aircraft providing this critical capability years ago and embarked on multiple efforts to inform that decision. The Navy selected V-22 as the future COD platform.

The first aircraft is being delivered today (well actually a week ago but who is counting). And our first deployment will be here in a blink of an eye!

But the devil in the details with this particularly accelerated program is making sure that the fleet can man, train, and equip those at the tip of the spear potentially in harm’s way.

As of October, last year as the Wing Commodore, I have the honor, privilege and responsibility, given to me by Vice Admiral Miller, to be the lead for the Navy’s CMV-22 community along with our partners at well into the 2040s. Delivery of this aircraft is a major milestone on the path to initial operational capability in 2021.

The CMV-22 has the capability to internally carry the F-35C engine power module. This capability is a game changer for the Air Wing of the Future and drove the need to match up the F-35C and CMV-22 operational deployments.

The first CMV-22 deployment is now less than a year from initial delivery of N3, which is scheduled for late June of this year.

Its success is key to maintaining combat lethality for the Air Wing of the future and our Navy. CMV-22s will operate from all aircraft carriers providing a significant range increase for operations from the Sea Bases enabling Combatant Commanders to exercise increased flexibility and options for warfare dominance.

If you’re in a fight, it’s always good to have options!

Every month following the first initial deployment, there will be a CMV-22 detachment operating with a US aircraft carrier somewhere in the world….

For a look at the first time an Osprey brought an F-35 engine onboard ship, see the following:

Shaping a New Capability for the Osprey: Delivering the F-35 Engine to the USS Wasp

For the lead interview from my visit to North Island during the July 2020 visit, see the following:

An Update on the Integratable Air Wing: A Discussion with the US Navy’s Air Boss

MISR, MINOTAUR and Training for the Maritime Kill Web

07/31/2020

When I visited San Diego earlier this year, in my discussion with VADM Miller, he highlighted the importance of the coming of MISR to the fleet.

MISR officers are trained as ISR subject matter experts to operate at the fleet or CSG level and to work the sensor fusion for the integratable CVW. According to the Air Boss: “I think of MISR as additive, not lessening of TOPGUN, but instead akin to a new phase which builds upon our historical experience in the development of TOPGUN in the first place.”

In effect, these are “6th generation officers” in the sense of working the C2/ISR capabilities which enable an integrated and distributed fleet to have its maximum combat impact.

And in my discussions with Rear Admiral Peter Garvin, the head of the Maritime Patrol Enterprise, he highlighted the importance of MINOTAUR to the force as well.

According to Rear Admiral Garvin: “The Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance aviator of the future will be well versed in the synergy inherent in both manned and unmanned platforms.”

“The unblinking stare of a Triton enhances the Fleet Commander’s MDA and understanding of an adversary’s pattern-of-life by observing their movements in the optical and electromagnetic spectrum.”

“Moreover, Triton serves as a force multiplier and enabler for the P-8. Early in Triton program development, we embraced manned and unmanned teaming and saw it as a way to expand our reach and effectiveness in the maritime domain.”

“One key software capability which empowers integration is Minotaur.”

“The Minotaur Track Management and Mission Management system was developed in conjunction with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Minotaur was designed to integrate sensors and data into a comprehensive picture which allows multiple aircraft and vessels to share networked information.”

“It is basically a data fusion engine and like many software capabilities these days, doesn’t physically have to be present on a platform to be of use.”

“These capabilities ride on a Minotaur web where, if you are on the right network, you can access data from whatever terminal you happen to be on.

Recently, I had the chance to talk with CDR Pete “Two Times” Salvaggio, Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center (NAWDC), Maritime ISR (MISR) Weapons School, Department Head (DH), MISR & EP-3E Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI).

The career of this officer spans the period prior to MISR, the creation of MISR and the maturation of the MISR and Minotaur initiatives, which are laying down the foundation for creating the 6th generation force alluded to earlier in the article.

What CDR Salvaggio described was a very creative and interactive process in which the Navy has been engaged with the other services and coalition partners in both reshaping and rethinking how the force operates and can operate going forward with the C2/ISR revolution underway.

He was trained as an EP-3 operator, and when he worked for then-Captain Garvin who at the time was CPRW-10, the goal was to cross link what EP-3s could do with the rest of the Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Force (MPRF), which at the time included P-3s, BAMS-D RQ-4s, and Tactical Operations Centers (TOCs), to prepare the grounds for the coming of the P-8/Triton dyad.

This initiative was combined with experiences in the land wars of Iraq and Afghanistan to lay the foundation for MISR.

What Two Times described was his experience in the Middle East working with the CENTAF Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) as part of the USMC’s 3rd MEF operations in RC-South West as the EP-3E Detachment Officer in Charge (OIC).

Lessons from those operations on how the Marines were dynamically integrating ISR feeds into the ground maneuver element set the initial foundation.

With an ISR officer on the ground responsible for shaping the knowledge base for informing ground maneuver, it was obvious to Two Times and his senior officers that the Navy needed just such an approach in the years to come.

We have argued that with regard to the Land Wars, the challenge was “to harvest the best and leave the rest,” and clearly learning from the successes of ISR integration into 3rd MEF’s operations, the Marines provided a lead into a major shift in the Navy which began to embrace the concept of deploying ISR integrators within the fleet to assist in shaping the knowledge base for the distributed maritime force.

MISR prides itself in being both platform and sensor agnostic, along with employing an effects-based tasking and tactics approach that allows for shaping the ISR domain knowledge which a task force or fleet needs to be fully combat effective.

What is most impressive is that CDR Salvaggio has been present at the creation and is a key part of shaping the way ahead in a time of significant change in what the fleet is being asked to do in both a joint and coalition operational environment.

And NAWDC clearly reflects and embodies this change.

Over the past six years, NAWDC has gone from traditional CSG integration, to embedding the surface and subsurface weapons schools, to evolving a new approach to working the platform training side of NAWDC to embrace the shift to the integratable air wing, to standing up two new weapons schools which are kill web oriented, not platform oriented.

The first school was highlighted in the interview with CDR Joseph “Smokin’ Joe” Fraser, head of the Information Warfare Directorate, which has been designated the executive agent for targeting for the United States Navy.

The second school is the MISR weapons school. And to be clear, these are not simply layering on top of platform training schools; they are part of the cross-training which goes on within NAWDC.

But not just NAWDC, for working with the USAF and the USMC, as well as with our closest coalition partners, is crucial for shaping a way ahead.

CDR Salvaggio underscored that one of his responsibilities at NAWDC is working the only ISR exercise conducted in the United States, one which includes those allies.

The exercise is called RESOLUTE HUNTER and is jointly sponsored by NAWDC and the USAF’s Air Combat Command. Notably, the Marines are becoming involved in RESOLUTE HUNTER as well. The trajectory for working the ISR/C2 enablement of the integrated distributed force is clearly evident.

Editors’ Note: This article was published by the Air National Guard on November 1, 2019 about the Resolute Hunter exercise.

High Rollers Fly with Navy during Resolute Hunter Exercise

By Senior Master Sgt. Paula Macomber, 152 Airlift Wing, Nov. 1, 2019

FALLON, Nev. – The 192nd Airlift Squadron participated in Exercise Resolute Hunter joint training at the Naval Air Station Fallon Range Training Complex Oct. 21-25. The Naval Air Station Fallon and Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center are the Navy’s premier Weapon Tactics Instructor schools.

“This range complex has some of the most advanced enemy threat emitters in the world,” said Maj. Kyle Carraher, a pilot with the 192nd Airlift Squadron out of Reno, “and the training is as realistic as you can get. We want to bolster our relationship with the entities in Fallon so we can train smarter and more effectively. This is an extraordinary opportunity to support their objectives while meeting our internal training requirements.”

The training complex encompasses NAS Fallon and nearby range training areas, Bureau of Land Management rights-of-way and 13,000 square miles of special use airspace.

This exercise enhances the joint cooperation among many entities, not limited to the Air National Guard and the Navy.

“The relationship with NAS Fallon really benefits everyone connected to these airplanes on base, Carraher said. “I say this because future operations rely on joint interoperability, and joint interoperability is only going to happen if we train together. The relationships we build result with the other branches of services increased ability to support the joint fight.

The 192nd logged 25.3 flying hours, accomplished 614 training events and more than 25 radar threat reactions and dropped four low-cost low altitude bundles. They also flew three mission commander/lead upgrade rides, two pilot-checkout-course upgrade flights and a one-time no-notice pilot mission check ride. They were also able to execute a C-130H and C-130J interfly with the California Air National Guard out of Channel Islands, California.

“Channel Islands is our sister unit in the modular airborne firefighting system mission due to their close proximity in response to wildland fires,” said Carraher. “We have a great working relationship with their unit, and C-130H and C-130J interfly is an invaluable skill to develop. The airframes share many similarities, but the intricacies of flying in formation are challenging.”

There were 4,500 people supporting the exercise with 12 different airframes.

“It really boils down to communication, Carraher said. “Simple things like ‘shorthand’ or ‘lingo’ between services does not always translate to clear communication, and this is exactly why we train together, so we can identify impediments to accomplishing the mission in training so we can execute the mission in the real world.

The featured photo comes from the home page of NAWDC as does the following graphic:

 

Dutch Forces in Lithuania

A Royal Netherlands Army mobile artillery unit assigned to NATO’s enhanced Forward Presence Battlegroup in Lithuania recently had a chance to fire their guns for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The Panzer Howitzer 2000-NL self-propelled guns were used to conduct a live-fire exercise at Pabradė Training Grounds alongside their Lithuanian counterparts.

With their ability to “shoot and scoot” – conduct fire missions and then quickly move to cover – mobile artillery plays a crucial role in many Allied militaries.

For this exercise, forward observers from Germany and Norway helped coordinate the strikes.

Footage includes shots of Panzer Howitzers from the Netherlands and Lithuania firing and moving, as well as interviews with Dutch and Lithuanian artillery commanders.

LITHUANIA

06.19.2020

Natochannel

Rafale Comes to the Indian Air Force: A Game Changer

07/30/2020

By Air Marshal (Retd.) Anil Chopra

New Delhi. With war clouds on the Ladakh horizon, Indian Air Force (IAF) has received five Rafale combat jets, arriving at their Ambala airbase July 29.

IAF has already conveyed that the pilots are already fully trained and ready for any designated operational roles although a few days or weeks should be ideal for the pilots who flew the aircraft to India or have otherwise arrived after training in multirole operations both on simulators and onboard aircraft on simulated war conditions. Weapons for the weapons for the aircraft are already in India, and can be loaded swiftly as the software integration is preprogrammed for typically IAF requirements. The airbase infrastructure is operational and so are the technical facilities and administrative arrangements.

Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria and Western Air Command C-in-C Air Marshal B Suresh welcomed the aircraft, led by Gp Capt Harkirat Singh, the Commanding Officer (CO) of the resurrected Golden Arrows Squadron 17.

Four pilots flew two twin seater Rafales, and three others the three single seaters. The aircraft were looked after by the French Air Force Armee de l’air up to UAE’s Al Dhafra airbase, and after that by IAF’s Su 30 MKIs. Midair refuelling was conducted on the France-UAE and UAE-India flights.

The Rafale Package 

The 36 contracted aircraft include 28 single-seat and 8 dual-seat aircraft. The deal includes tailor-made enhancements for the IAF, a weapons package, and a performance-based logistics agreement.

The contracted weapons include MICA and Meteor Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missiles and SCALP air-to-ground cruise missiles, as well as the Hammer, a French Safran’s Air to Ground precision missile.

The nearly dozen India-specific enhancements include the integration of an Israeli helmet-mounted display (HMD), radar warning receivers and low-band jammers. According to the deal, the delivery of the jets is to be completed in 67 months from the date the contract was inked. As per the schedule in the contract, the first aircraft was to be delivered in September 2019. Acceptance of an aircraft from the manufacturer involves physical check of ‘Standard of Preparation’, which includes every bit on board the aircraft, check of all supporting certification and maintenance documents, and flight testing the aircraft. An Indian team of flight test pilots and engineers was in France for this purpose, and training.

All activities have been on schedule on delivery count. All 36 jets are to be delivered by 2022.

Training in France

Normally, very professionally good personnel are chosen for training abroad. These personnel later become the nuclei for training the others in India. Training for IAF personnel included flying training for IAF pilots and technical training for engineers and technicians. Pilots have gone through full training on the operational systems and weapons exploitation. These France trained Indian pilots flew the aircraft to India.

IAF has acknowledged that the pilots, engineers and technical personnel have achieved operational training status.

Ferry To India

The aircraft departed from Bordeaux Merignac airfield on 27 July.

The 5 aircraft were accompanied by a large C 17 transport aircraft, carrying engineers, technicians and spare parts for technical support through the ferry. The plan was to have a single stop en route, at Al Dhafra airbase, Abu Dhabi. After two days or rest and turnaround time, the Rafales flew directly to Ambala.

Indian Navy warships on patrols in the region between India and the Gulf were the first to welcome the Rafales in the Indian Ocean. IAF and Navy was deployed in strength to ensure the safety of the aircraft and two IAF Su 30 MKIs

Squadron Formation

The 17 squadron ‘Golden Arrows’ which was ‘number-plated’ in 2016 was resurrected on 10 September 2019 at Ambala. This is the first Rafale squadron.

Interestingly, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa had commanded this squadron during the Kargil war. Pilots trained abroad are being posted to this squadron, and they will also be the core group to formulate Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), tactics and weapon system exploitation for fleet operations in India. Engineers and technicians will formulate maintenance SOPs. This core group would also split into two to form the second Rafale squadron at Hashimara in the east a year later.

Station Infrastructure

Ambala was the mother base to the initial induction of Jaguars and MiG 21 Bison aircraft, among others. The airbase is nearly 200 km from India’s Western border, and by distance it mirrors Pakistan’s most important airbase of Sargoda. This distance gives enough depth and yet is near enough to launch offensive missions across western border.

Interestingly it is also just 200 km from the China border and the location supports missions against China. The Chinese airbase at Ngari Gar Gunsa opposite Leh is a little over 300 km from Ambala. China is in news these days because of its attacks on Indian troops along the Line of Control and resultant fatalities on both the sides.

Infrastructure at Ambala airbase, to house the Rafales, has been coming up for some time. Specific-to-type blast pens, technical infrastructure including avionics and electronic warfare systems laboratories, weapon preparation areas etc., have been built or re-appropriated. Specific flight safety requirements have been dove-tailed into the Station plan. The Rafale simulator and the type-training TETTRA school is coming up there. Facilities for engine test-bench may be required.

Later similar infrastructure will come up at Hashimara, which is a base near critical areas of Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal. The programme is to keep one Squadron each of the Rafales at the two airbases.

Rafale – the Weapon Platform

Rafale is a twin-engine, delta-wing, 4th plus generation fighter with semi-stealth capabilities. It is an agile aircraft and capable of simultaneously packaging and conducting air superiority, interdiction, reconnaissance, and airborne nuclear deterrent missions, with fire and forget capability, enabling a pilot to easy move from one mission to another.

The aerodynamically unstable aircraft uses digital fly-by-wire flight controls. The actively coupled canard wing allows high manoeuvrability. The aircraft is designed for reduced radar cross-section (RCS) and infra-red signature. There is extensive use of composite materials. The glass cockpit is designed around the principle of data fusion. A central computer prioritizes information to display to pilots for simpler command and control.

The Rafale is fitted with two Snecma M88 engines, each capable of providing up to 50 kilo-Newton (kN) of dry thrust and 75 kN with afterburners. The engines feature several advances, including a non-polluting combustion chamber, single-crystal turbine blades, and powder metallurgy disks, and technology to reduce radar and infrared signatures. The engine is of a modular design for ease of maintenance and upgrades. A thrust vectoring variant of the engine designated as M88-3D is also under development.

The Rafale also features an advanced avionics suite. The total value of the radar, electronic communications and self-protection equipment is about 30% of the cost of the entire aircraft.

The aircraft’s RBE2 AA active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar has been fully tested operationally. It has a field of regard of 70° on either side of the aircraft axis, and extended range capabilities supporting low-observable target detection. Its SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imaging and improved resistance to jamming. Rafale makes extensive use of radar-absorbent materials (RAM). The SPECTRA integrated electronic warfare suite provides long-range detection, identification and accurate localization of infrared homing, radio-frequency and laser threats. The system incorporates radar warning receiver, laser-warning, Missile Approach Warning (MAW) for threat detection plus a phased array radar jammer and a decoy dispenser for threat countering. It also includes a dedicated management unit for data fusion and reaction decision. The Thales/SAGEM Optronique Secteur Frontal Infra-Red Search and Track (IRST) system uses a narrow field for tracking air targets at ranges up to 100 kilometers. A TV/IR sensor for target identification (40 km range) including laser rangefinder.

Notably, IRST was an IAF-specific requirement, included in the 2007 tender for 126 Medium Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCAs).

A host of latest weapons would also get inducted. The aircraft has a 30 mm cannon with 125 rounds. The 14 hard-points can carry 9,500 kg external loads. The air-to-air missiles include MBDA MICA IR or EM, and MBDA Meteor.

Meteor is an active radar guided, beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM). Meteor offers multi-shot capability against long range maneuvering targets, jets, UAVs and cruise missiles in a heavy electronic countermeasures (ECM) environment with range well in excess of 150 kilometers. The no-escape zone of over 60 km is the largest among air-to-air missiles according to the manufacturing company, Dassault.

A solid-fueled ramjet motor allows the missile to cruise at a speed of over Mach 4. Among the host of air-to-ground weapons is MBDA Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG cruise missile with 450 kg warhead and 560 km range. The aircraft has been used in combat in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Mali and Syria, proving new levels of technology.

Based on the Mirage-2000 experience, it is likely to have a much higher serviceability, low turn-around time, and high mission accomplishment rate. There is already a proposal to acquire (On fast track) the HAMMER (Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range) Air-to-Ground Modular Weapon (AASM) made by Safran, and already integrated in Rafale’s software.

AASM comprises a frontal guidance kit and a rear-mounted range extension kit matched to a dumb bomb. The basic version features a 250-kilogram bomb. There are also versions with 125, 500 or 1,000-kilogram bomb bodies. Typically the weapon has a range of around 60 km.

Operational Preparation and Deployment

It shall be the endeavour of IAF to quickly make the fleet fully operational, and they will start flying operational missions along with the radar controllers, typically to hone their weapon delivery skills in different terrains. Then, they will begin evolving Dissimilar Air Combat Tactics (DACT) with other fleets.

Rafales will fly mixed formation missions in realistic war-like scenarios. They will fly network-centric missions in different roles, including air strikes, air-defence and electronic support roles. They will also take part in inter-service joint exercises. They would also fly coordinated missions with strategic assets like air-refueler and AWACS.

In view of the stand-off with China, the normal time frame for fleet operationalisation of 4-6 months would now be compressed to maybe 1-2 months. The French companies have worked closely with IAF for decades on the Mirage 2000 fleet which continues to be the weapon platform of choice for IAF. Rafale operationalisation may therefore take much lesser time.

Compared To Other Aircraft in the Region

Among the main Chinese fighters is the Chengdu J 10 which is essentially a modified Israeli “Lavi” aircraft, which itself was derived from the American F 16 base model. It can best be considered equivalent to the F 16 A/B. China has over 400 of these, although Chinese engineers have also stolen tech from the Pakistani F 16s.

The J 10 can carry the PL 12 BVR missile with a range of 70-100 km.

The Shenyang J-11 is a Chinese copy of the Soviet Union’s Su 27. It also carries the PL 12 missile. It is much inferior to the Indian Su 30 MKI. China developed the Shenyang J 16 fighter based on the J 11B airframe, with modifications from the Russian Sukhoi Su-33MKK that was sold to China in 2000. They have around 130 of them.

They also carry the PL 12 and may carry the longer range PL 15 missile. The PL 15 may have range of around 150 km, though Chinese propaganda claims it has range in excess of 200 km.

China also has the Su 30 MKK which is similar to IAF’s Su-30 MKI.

Then there is just one squadron of Russian Su 35, which is a more advanced variant of the Su 30 MKK. Maybe they have bought it for reverse engineering and stealing its technology, of which it has been accused of by Russia. China’s latest fifth generation fighter J 20 is just entering service in small numbers and will take some time to be operational.

IAF’s combination of Rafale, Su 30 MKI, and upgraded Mirage 2000 and MiG 29 aircraft will be a formidable combination and challenge to PLAAF. In addition, the Jaguar, MiG 21 Bison and the indigenous LCA Mk1 make great fighter assets.

The Rafale clearly stands out to be much better and operationally tested fighter compared to all Chinese assets. The best aircraft with Pakistan is the F 16 Block 52 with its AMRAAM missile (120 km range). Most top end IAF fighters have an edge over this aircraft.

Rafale is the Game Changer 

Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale can perform air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, deep ground strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence missions. The Rafale is referred to as an “omnirole” aircraft by Dassault. The class and range of the AESA radar, IRST, avionics, fused data, stealth features, SPECTRA protection suit, and most importantly the weapons put it in a different class both on western and northern borders.

The Rafale is likely to maintain high availability and mission success rate.

However, as only 36 aircraft are being acquired, they make an odd figure as two squadrons actually require three aircraft more for each for training and reserve as per the established IAF squadron strength. Possibly, as has been done in the past, a follow-on order for another 36 could be given to make viable operational numbers.

There is a 50 percent Offsets clause in the Rafale contract, and part of that is already being fulfilled towards encouraging the Make-in-India requirements.

The Rafale, as Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said, will be a game changer in the region on many counts.

– The Author has been a pioneer of Mirage 2000 fleet and has watched the induction and operationalisation of a French fighter fleet closely.

This article was published by our partner India Strategic on July 29, 2020.

Also, see:

Indian Air Modernization Takes a Significant Step Forward: First Rafales Depart France for the Indian Air Force

Australians, Japanese and Americans Work Trilateral Passage Through Philippine Sea

By Lieutenant Tanalee Smith

Australia, Japan and the United States conducted a trilateral passage in the Philippine Sea en route to participate in Exercise Rim of the Pacific (Rimpac) in Hawaii.

The Australian Defence Force Joint Task Group was joined in the Philippine Sea this week by the USS Ronald ReaganCarrier Strike Group, which includes the guided-missile cruiser USS Antietam and guided-missile destroyer USS Mustin, and Japan’s Akizuki-class destroyer JS Teruzuki.

The deployment demonstrates Australia’s enduring commitment to enhancing security, stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific, and increasing the capability and interoperability of the ADF.

The three days of activities included replenishments at sea, aviation operations, maritime manoeuvres and communications drills.

Commander of the Australian Joint Task Group, Commodore Michael Harris, said the opportunity to work alongside Japan and the United States was invaluable.

“The combined activities between our navies demonstrates a high degree of interoperability and capability between Australia, Japan and the United States,” Commodore Harris said.

Officers and sailors on the upper decks of Canberra admired the maritime and aerial display as the ships separated.

“We’re very lucky to be out here, working as a united task group,” said Petty Officer physical training instructor Shane Murphy.

“I’m proud to be part of it.”

Captain Caldwell, Commanding Officer USS Antietam, said the passage demonstrated shared commitment to regional stability.

“The relationships we’ve developed enable us to meet at sea and immediately operate at an advanced level. This highlights the enduring nature of our alliances with Japan and Australia,” Captain Caldwell said.

Captain Sakano Yusuke, Commander of Japan’s Escort Division 4, said strengthening cooperation with the US Navy and Royal Australian Navy was vitally important for Japan and contributed to a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

“The experience in this exercise will give us tactical and operational advantages and make our friendships stronger, in addition to our regular joint exercises with both like-minded navies,” Captain Sakano said.

HMA Ships CanberraHobartStuartArunta and Sirius left Darwin on July 5 to begin a regional deployment to South-East Asia and Hawaii.

This article was first published by the Department of Defence on July 24, 2020.

The featured photo: Ships from the RAN, US Navy and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force sail in company through the Philippine Sea as aircraft from US Carrier Airwing 5 fly above. Photo: Leading Seaman Ernesto Sanchez

CH-53K Sea Trials: One Step Closer to First Deployment

07/29/2020

Last month, the Marine Corps wrapped up its first sea trials with the new CH-53K King Stallion.

In an article by Megan Eckstein published by USNI News on June 25, 2020, the crossing of one of the “last big items on the to do list before the heavy lift helicopter program can turn the aircraft over to the fleet for operational tests and a 2023 first deployment” was highlighted.

She interviewed Col. Jack Perrin, the H-53 heavy lift helicopters program manager for Naval Air Systems Command.

Col. Jack Perrin, the H-53 heavy lift helicopters program manager for Naval Air Systems Command, told USNI News in a June 24 interview that the sea trials were meant to test all the ways the helicopter interfaces with a ship: communications while in flight, the ability to land on all nine spots on the flight deck in all weather and lighting conditions, the ability to be towed around the flight deck and hangar bay, the ability to be folded up and tied down, the ability to be maintained at sea and more.

The helicopter conducted two flight periods a day, one in daylight and one at night – taking off, with the pilots recording notes on the difficulty and safety of that particular evolution; flying a mile or so from the ship; flying back in the traditional landing pattern to attempt a landing; recording notes on that landing; and then the ship turning into a new wind condition for the process to start over again.

Though sea trials with some other programs have exposed problems that needed to be addressed through technical or procedural changes, “we were very fortunate; we did not find that big thing that was going to cause us risk or delay or a big technical issue. With this, we have now gone through this program and hit pretty much everything that they aircraft needs to do in order to deploy. We still have some more data to take, we have some tests to finish up, but we’ve been to every big thing,” Perrin said.

“We’ve done the external loads, done the internal loads, we went out and did helicopter aerial refueling, and now we’ve gone to the ship and been out there and seen that. Our risk on this program, for the 53K not being able to go out and support that first deployment and get through [operational testing], is greatly reduced now because of the success we’ve had and the performance the aircraft has shown during this test and the test previous. So we’re pretty happy as a program.”

Perrin added:

“(With) operational test Marines out on the ship, with pilots in the cockpit, crew chiefs in the back of the helo and maintainers on the ship – all getting a sneak peak at how this helicopter compares to its predecessor.

“They now understand what it can do and what tactics, techniques and procedures, or TTPs, that they’re going to need to adjust from what we do with the 53E to how the 53K operates. So they are getting a complete heads start on having those tactics, techniques and procedures developed, so that when they go to the official IOT&E or initial operational test and evaluation, they’ve already been on the aircraft, they’ve already been flying the aircraft, they’ve already seen this,” he said.

“When they go out to the ship as part of the test – and they will go out to a ship as part of the IOT&E – they’re going to be running instead of learning at that time. They’re going to be executing. And that’s the key of an ITT or integrated test team, is that everybody gets to learn together.”

For another look at the CH-53K sea trials, see the following video as well:

We interviewed Col. Perrin earlier this year, and in that interview he highlighted the importance of the CH-53K for the Marine Corps.

In a visit to Pax River in January 2020, there was a chance to discuss the progress of the program with Colonel Jack Perrin Program Manager, PMA-261 H53 Heavy Lift Helicopters, US Naval Air Systems Command at Pax River Naval Air Station….

As Col. Perrin noted in our conversation: “The USMC has done many studies of distributed operations and throughout the analyses it is clear that heavy lift is an essential piece of the ability to do such operations.”

And not just any heavy lift – but heavy lift built around a digital architecture.

Clearly, the CH-53E being more than 30 years old is not built in such a manner; but the CH-53K is.

What this means is that the CH-53K “can operate and fight on the digital battlefield.”

And because the flight crew are enabled by the digital systems onboard, they can focus on the mission rather than focusing primarily on the mechanics of flying the aircraft. This will be crucial as the Marines shift to using unmanned systems more broadly than they do now.

For example, it is clearly a conceivable future that CH-53Ks would be flying a heavy lift operation with unmanned “mules” accompanying them. Such manned-unmanned teaming requires a lot of digital capability and bandwidth, a capability built into the CH-53K.

If one envisages the operational environment in distributed terms, this means that various types of sea bases, ranging from large deck carriers to various types of Maritime Sealift Command ships, along with expeditionary bases, or FARPs or FOBS, will need to be connected into a combined combat force.

To establish expeditionary bases, it is crucial to be able to set them up, operate and to leave such a base rapidly or in an expeditionary manner (sorry for the pun).

This will be virtually impossible to do without heavy lift, and vertical heavy lift, specifically.

Put in other terms, the new strategic environment requires new operating concepts; and in those operating concepts, the CH-53K provides significant requisite capabilities.

And this Marine Corps-Navy capability is suggestive of a broader set of considerations for the Army and the Air Force.

If Expeditionary Basing is crucial, certainly the CH-53K could provide capabilities for the Army and the Air Force, to compliment fixed wing lift aircraft.

And in many cases, only a vertical lift support capability will be able to do the job.

Remember the USAF flies the CV-22s and if they are part of the distributed fight and requiring expeditionary basing, it may be the case that such a base can be set up and sustained only by vertical heavy lift.

Both considerations, how to cross-operate across the seabase and the expeditionary base, and the question of whether vertical heavy lift is now becoming a strategic asset, will be dealt with in later pieces. 

But for now, the core point is simple – the K needs to come into the USMC-Navy team as soon as possible to enable the shift in concepts of operations required to deal with the new strategic environment.

And if the CH-53K became part of the joint team, the question of cost is very manageable.

By producing more aircraft, the cost curve comes down. And shaping a more effective cost curve is a significant challenge which the program is addressing.

For our archive of CH-53K stories, see the following:

https://defense.info/system-type/rotor-and-tiltrotor-systems/ch-53k/