Digital Talon

12/22/2023

U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) is advancing lethality and the combat capabilities of unmanned surface vehicles during Exercise Digital Talon in the international waters surrounding the Arabian Peninsula, Oct. 23.

During the exercise, NAVCENT’s Task Force 59, the Navy’s first Unmanned and Artificial Intelligence Task Force, demonstrated the ability of unmanned platforms to pair with traditionally crewed ships in “manned-unmanned teaming” to identify and target simulated hostile forces at sea.

ARABIAN GULF

10.24.2023

Video by Petty Officer 2nd Class Jacob Vernier

U.S. Naval Forces Central Command / U.S. 5th Fleet

Helo Flight Line Maintenance During WTI-1-24

12/20/2023

U.S. Marines with Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, conduct maintenance on UH-1Y Venom and AH-1Z Viper helicopters during Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 1-24 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, Sept. 28, 2023.

WTI is an advanced, graduate-level course for selected pilots and enlisted aircrew providing standardized advanced tactical training and assists in developing and employing aviation weapons and tactics.

09.28.2023

Video by Lance Cpl. Emily Hazelbaker

Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron-1

KC-130J Ops During WTI-1-24

12/18/2023

A U.S. Marine Corps KC-130J Hercules aircraft, assigned to Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, conduct pre-flight checks and air-drop cargo during Weapons and Tactics Instructor course (WTI) 1-24 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, Oct. 6, 2023.

WTI is an advanced, graduate-level course for selected pilots and enlisted aircrew providing standardized advanced tactical training and assists in developing and employing aviation weapons and tactics.

10.06.2023

Video by Sgt. Samuel Fletcher

Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron-1

HOT Refuel During WTI-1-24

12/15/2023

U.S. Marines, assigned to Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, conduct an air delivery ground refueling operation on F/A-18 Hornet aircrafts during Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 1-24 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, Oct. 17, 2023.

WTI is an advanced, graduate-level course for selected pilots and enlisted aircrew providing standardized advanced tactical training and assists in developing and employing aviation weapons and tactics.

10.17.2023

Video by Sgt. Samuel Fletcher

Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron-1

MAWTS-1 and Trajectory Vision: Talking with the 5th Commander of MAWTS-1

12/13/2023

By Robbin Laird and Ed Timperlake

We all know what tunnel vision is. But what is necessary for successful adaptation of a military in a dynamic situation is to be able to do trajectory vision.

In other words, the ability to adapt but to do so with an eye on realistic adaptation which can be driven by new systems or new con-ops.

We had the chance to talk with LtGen Fred McCorkle about his involvement and experience at MAWTS-1 and how that shaped trajectory vision for the USMC which has been clearly demonstrated in adopting the Osprey and the F-35B and changing their con-ops to reflect doing so. It is not just about adding some new technology; it is about understanding how best to leverage it to get the desired combat effect against a reactive enemy.

In our discussion with him, he underscored how the MAWTS approach was established and evolved to shape realistic innovation but with an eye to the future. And those who have been involved in the WTI experience were able to embrace change but had a “pretend I am from Missouri” kind of experience: show me.

This has led to MAWTS-1 being what we have referred to as an incubator for change. Or another way of putting it, rather than being trained to exercise tunnel vision, Marines have been trained to have trajectory vision or warriors who can embrace change. But not briefing chart change; real change demonstrated through what Lt General Rudder has called the “physics of warfare.”

According to McCorkle: “I was a young major at the time when first introduced to MAWTS-1. When I went to the command, the DCA at the time was LtGen Fitch. When he first came, he said he was going to shut down MAWTS. But by the time he left his post, he had become one of the biggest supporters of MAWTS.”

We asked him, what did he think changed the DCA’s mind?

McCorckle told us that the fact that MAWTS trained for integrated MAGTF operations was really the key. “Those who came to the WTIs witnessed the best MAGTF training being done in the USMC.”

He credited John Lehman, then Secretary of the Navy, and the early commanders of MAWTs for setting in motion the framework to be able to provide for such integrated training. He also noted that Lehman allowed senior MAWTS officers, including himself, to receive clearances to have access to black Navy programs. This allowed them to have the possibility of trajectory rather than tunnel vision as commanders.

At the time, McCorckle noted that even the DCA’s were not read into programs that the Admirals were allowed to be read into. This clearly created a problem as the introduction of new air systems and capabilities is a driving force for change.

One narrative McCorckle relayed was concerning the importance of the coming of night vision goggles. Although the night vision googles of the day were not perfect, McCorckle pointed out to general officers when he would have them experience low flights at night the following: “Would you rather have 20:50 vision with the NVGs or fly with 20:400 vision. They got the point.”

We then asked him about the safety of flight challenge. McCorckle told his about his approach. “As CO of MAWTS I would brief every class and put up on the board a drawing. Here is this box. We want you to operate at the edge but not to go over the edge. You can operate near the corners of the box. I’ll go to the mat for you to defend you if you operate that way. But if you go ¼ of inch outside of that box, I will be the first to “Recommend Pulling Your Wings”!

McCorkle also underscored the significance of MAWTS in terms of its COs having generally gone on to take General Officer Command and to bring their MAWTS experience forward and then re-invigorating MAWTS by contributing from their command position as well.

We then asked him about his Osprey experience and how MAWTS had prepared him for it.

He started by recounting a meeting with LtGen Fitch. “One day Fitch came up to me and put his arm around me and congratulated me on flying 65 different aircraft. I thanked him and told I was very humbled by the experience. He then underscored that he had flown 132 different aircraft!”

Well, the Osprey was an aircraft like no other. Something which McCorckle experienced on his first piloting of the aircraft. It was certainly not a helicopter, a problem which still affects helicopter pilots who come to the Osprey and do not unlearn their rotorcraft skills.

As LtGen Fred McCorkle underscored: “At the end of a runway, a CH-46 will top end at 140 knots. If you are in loaded down Cobra, you are lucky to get to 120 knots at the end of the runway. And when I first flew it, I was at 250 knots at the end of the runway taking off. The test individual with me in the plane said we are limited in the speed we can go and you are already over the approved limit. I said the aircraft is virtually in neutral and we can go a lot faster and went to 330 knots.”

This is what one can call trajectory vision at work

Expeditionary Arresting Gear System Lift During WTI-1-24

U.S. Marines with Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, load a Marine Corps Expeditionary Arresting Gear System inside a KC-130J Hercules during Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 1-24 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, Oct. 2, 2023.

WTI is an advanced, graduate-level course for selected pilots and enlisted aircrew providing standardized advanced tactical training and assists in developing and employing aviation weapons and tactics.

10.02.2023

Video by Lance Cpl. Emily Hazelbaker

Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron-1

Crafting a Kill Web Force: The Role of Autonomous Systems

12/12/2023

By Robbin Laird

In a visit to Quantico, I had a chance to talk with LtGen Karsten Heckl, who serves as the Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and the Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration.

I first met him when he was Assistant Deputy Commandant for Aviation, HQMC Aviation Department. I visited him when he was Commander of 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, and I interviewed him when he commanded the First Marine Expeditionary Force.

In this visit, we had a chance to focus on the evolution of the USMC within the broader context of the joint force, and discussed in particular the coming of new generation of autonomous systems and how they fitted in or enabled the kind of force transition which the USMC is engaged in.

We started with force transition and then discussed autonomous systems and their contribution to that transition. In other words, what kind of con-ops do you want to pursue and how do the new autonomous systems support those con-ops?

It was particularly interesting to have this conversation with Heckl at this time for I had just returned from my most recent visit to MAWTS-1 where the focus is upon “the physics of combat” in force transition, to use the words of LtGen (Retired) Steve Rudder.

We started by the focus which I found at MAWTS-1 upon how to enhance the survivability and lethality of the force through signature management. This is what I wrote after my meeting in early November 2023 with Major John Edwards, the Spectrum Warfare Department Head at MAWTS-1.

“In my meetings with PACFLEET this past April, a key aspect of the challenge facing the force is clearly spectrum warfare or signature management and deception.

“My takeaway from discussions at PACFLEET was very clear. Success for distributed maritime operations requires not only assured command and control but the tissue of ISR systems enabling distributed fleet operations and adding the key element of deception through various counter-ISR systems as well.

“In effect, fleet distribution built on a kill web effects infrastructure is being combined with what me be called a wake-a-mole operational capability. You can’t target me, if you can’t find me.

“As one key Navy leader put it to me: ‘Counter-ISR is the number one priority for me, to deny the adversary with to high confidence in his targeting capabilities. I need to deceive them and to make a needle look like a needle in a haystack of needles. It is important to have the capability to look like a black hole in the middle of nothing.’

“MAWTS-1 with its work on FARPs, force distribution, new ways to do C2 such as from systems operating out of the back of Ospreys, signature management and deception is clearly working along the same lines as PACFLEET.

“I had a chance to discuss this approach with Major John Edwards, the Spectrum Warfare Department Head, when visiting MAWTS-1 in November 2023. Edwards highlighted their work in preparing the force for the spectrum management challenges they experience and will experience within a contested electronic warfare environment.

“Their focus is upon ramping up the “red” threat against blue to prepare the force for the experience they have when operating in a contested environment.

“They focus on showing the operational elements of the force the kind of spectrum signature they are creating when they operate to better understand the nature of spectrum warfare and how that affects their lethality and survivability in operations. And by knowing that one can create ways to think about signature deception as well as pointed out by PACFLEET.”

It is not surprising then that LtGen Heckl emphasized the same points as the PACFLEET commander or the Spectrum Warfare Head at MAWTS-1.

LtGen Heckl argued: “It is about survivability and a key to being able to do that is signature management. We are keenly focused on reduced electronic magnetic signature management in how we think about deployment of the force and doing so with an eye to how the deployed force can integrate sensors with strike.

“It really is about a kill web in which the real value proposition is reconnaissance and counter-reconnaissance reducing your vulnerabilities and exposing those of the adversary and enabling effective strike.”

It is in this context that Heckl discussed autonomous systems. “We are focusing on a broad range of autonomous systems capabilities. They aid significantly in signature management. If they are unmanned, you don’t have the weight or equipment necessary for a man onboard whether it be a ship or an airborne system. It means as well you can get better value out of your manned aviation assets or your ships.

“With regard to our lift assets – C-130s, CH-53s, or Ospreys – they can carry the most essential elements to an EABO but can be supplemented by a variety of autonomous systems which reduces the overall signature of the force and allows for enhanced flexibility of the force.”

Logistics in LtGen Heckl’s view is the pacing function for a distributed force. How to sustain a distributed force? This will be a combination of the air and sea manned assets as well various autonomous systems. He highlighted work being done for the USMC to build unmanned surface vessels to carry logistics to the point of need.

And the logistics challenge will be reduced by various ways to use autonomous systems within the kill web. He cited the opportunity to used UUVs carrying weapons able to operate virtually undetected and gain access to the sensor network to provide weapons support to deployed Marines as an example of reducing the need to deliver weapons directly to those Marines. By reducing the overall logistics burden, the Marines can focus on the use of their manned assets in a more focused manner.

In this context, it is important to realize how amphibious ships can be rethought in terms of a mothership functionality. The extant fleet of amphibious or expeditionary sea bases have flexible flight decks for mix and match rotorcraft, tiltrotor craft, decks from which to lower boats to the water, or well decks to launch from the water level, or flight decks in the case of LHAs combat aircraft.

This mix and match capability to fit the mission is a core quality of these ships. With the coming of maritime autonomous systems, USVs or UUVs can be launched with the payload appropriate to the mission, ISR surveillance, underwater detection, UAVs launched as weapons from USVs, or torpedoes or maritime strike weapons from the USVs or in the case of UUVs, torpedoes.

As such the fleet can act as picket ships preparing the way for the arrival of carrier strike fleet or surface warfare action group and participate with them in providing a combat cluster or matrix of operational depth and reach which the carrier strike fleet or surface warfare action group would not have by itself.

We closed by LtGen Heckl highlighting the importance of building out the global positioning network.

“Our GPN has been an effort now for about a year and a half. One can imagine every EABO being a potential logistics node and our ability to use a Navy 28-foot USV that draws maybe two feet of water is part of the picture. We are thinking in terms of a globally positioned network, which will include maritime pre-positioning, but the days of ships pulling pier side and depositing an iron mountain of supplies ashore are a thing of the past.”

It is in this force transformation process that LtGen Heckl sees autonomous systems playing a key role. We discussed another example which resonated with the challenges facing the Australians, namely, how to provide for enhanced air-enabled striking power without having to rely on fixed bases?

Here LtGen Heckl highlighted the Marine Corps’ work with the XQ-58 Valkyrie. “It is does not need a base. It can be launched from the back of the truck. It has good range and can carry a lot of payload. And its fully autonomous.

“The reason it has decent range and can carry a decent payload is that it is unmanned. Not only does human weight not come into play but also all the equipment which humans require for operating an air asset – environmental control systems for example. I think we are at the boundary or the edge of being able to incorporate autonomous systems into our force transformation.”

Featured Photo: Lt. Gen. Karsten S. Heckl gives remarks during the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory change of command ceremony at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, June 24, 2022. US Marine Corps Photo.

The Enterprise Requirements of an Australian Multi-Domain Strike Capability

On 27 September 2023, the second Williams Foundation seminar for the year was held at the National Gallery in Canberra. The second provided a case study of building blocks for enhanced deterrent capabilities, namely shaping a multi-domain strike enterprise for the ADF and the support structure for so doing.

At the outset of the Seminar, Air Marshal (Retired) Geoff Brown, the Williams Foundation Chairman, underscored the purpose and focus of the seminar: “Simply new weapons like Tomahawk will not by themselves give Australia a credible strike enterprise. All those weapons do not give you a long-range strike capability. We are focused on the requirements to build a multi-domain enterprise beyond the question of the specific weapons.”

This report presents the assessments of the ADF, PACAF, the head of the RAF, a number of Australian analysts and strategists.